Infection Recognition Molecules

🍀Infection Recognition Molecules

🟠In the innate immune system, this involves interaction between Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs).

🟠 In the adaptive immune system, this involves interaction between Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHCs) and T cells.

🍀Pattern Recognition Receptors

🔵The innate immune system is rapid and non-specific, quickly phagocytosing foreign cells. It uses Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) to recognise pathogens.

🔵Pattern Recognition Receptors are infection recognition receptors located on immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. They bind to Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs).

🔵A PAMP is a specific arrangement of carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids on the surface of a pathogen that signals to a phagocyte that a cell is foreign.

🔵Many different molecules can act as PAMPs, including peptidoglycans, endotoxin and flagellin.

#immunology

Comments

Hemoglobin and types

Definition Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in the blood. Hemoglobin electrophoresis measures the levels of the different types of this protein in the blood. Alternative Names Hb electrophoresis; Hgb electrophoresis; Electrophoresis - hemoglobin; Thallasemia - electrophoresis; Sickle cell - electrophoresis; Hemoglobinopathy - electrophoresis How the Test is Performed A blood sample is needed. In the lab, the technician places the blood sample on special paper and applies an electric current. The hemoglobins move on the paper and form bands that show the amount of each type of hemoglobin. How to Prepare for the Test No special preparation is necessary for this test. How the Test will Feel When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a slight bruise. This soon goes away. Why the Test is Performed You may have ...

deploying chemotherapy to hold the tumor cells

Engineers at Duke University have developed a novel delivery system for cancer treatment and demonstrated its potential against one of the disease’s most troublesome forms. In newly published research in mice with pancreatic cancer, the scientists showed how a radioactive implant could completely eliminate tumors in the majority of the rodents, demonstrating what they say is the most effective treatment ever studied in these pre-clinical models. Pancreatic cancer is notoriously difficult to diagnose and treat, with tumor cells of this type highly evasive and loaded with mutations that make them resistant to many drugs. It accounts for just 3.2 percent of all cancers, yet is the third leading cause of cancer-related death. One way of tackling it is by deploying chemotherapy to hold the tumor cells in a state that makes them vulnerable to radiation, and then hitting the tumor with a targeted radiation beam.

Tibetan Glaciers 1500 years old virus

Ancient creatures are emerging from the cold storage of melting permafrost, almost like something out of a horror movie. From incredibly preserved extinct megafauna like the woolly rhino, to the 40,000-year-old remains of a giant wolf, and bacteria over 750,000 years old. "These are viruses that would have thrived in extreme environments," said Ohio State University microbiologist Matthew Sullivan, with "signatures of genes that help them infect cells in cold environments – just surreal genetic signatures for how a virus is able to survive in extreme conditions." Comparing their genetic sequences to a database from known viruses, the team found the most abundant viruses in both ice core samples were bacteriophages that infect Methylobacterium – bacteria important to the methane cycle within ice. They were most related to viruses found in Methylobacterium strains in plant and soil habitats – consistent with a previous report that t...

Mr.Scienceindia

Search This Blog